明代地方巡視考察制度

Local Inspection System in Ming Dynasty BAI Hua1，2，LI Zixuan

（1.Schoolofarxism，AnuUniversityofienceandTchnologyHuaan，Ani2，hina；.holfHumi Social Sciences，Anhui Universityof Science and Technology，Huainan，Anhui 232oo1，China）

Abstract：To consolidatecentral authorityover local administrations，the Ming Dynasty builtamulti-head inspectionsystem，including the initial divisioninspectiondesigned bytheoficials，and temporary dispatchand later become the regular system of inspectors and governors.In addition，specialized circuits（ d a o ）for military，educational，ndadministrative supervision wereaddedforlocal inspection.The supervision network formedbylocal inspectioninthe Ming Dynastyplayedasupervisory rolein preventing oficials from violating lawsand discipline， punishing corrupt ofcials，reducing decision-making errors，adjusting ruling policies，promoting the implementationof policies，nsuring national fiscalrevenue，strictlycontrollingthearmy，avoiding judicial trials thatwerenot light or heavy，reducing unjust sentences，and ordering documents.However，thereare many drawbacks such as excessive power，xpropriationofadministrativepower，dificultyincoordination，ndaggravationofficialcorruption，which are worth thinking about.

KeywordsXunfu（grandcordinators）；Xun'an（touringcensors）；administrativesupervision；circuits（dao）formilitary；Patrol inspection

對于明代地方巡視考察制度，研究者主要關(guān)注巡按御史制度，認(rèn)為其不僅是中國古代巡回監(jiān)察制度中具有典型的范例1，也是皇帝監(jiān)控地方的有效手段，在一定程度上為廣大人民群眾伸張了正義[2]；同時(shí)，也注意到草創(chuàng)、發(fā)展完善和逐步敗壞的過程[3]，嚴(yán)格規(guī)定與具體實(shí)施不能夠等同[4]；既看到優(yōu)秀的巡按御史為國家長治久安所做的貢獻(xiàn)，也看到在權(quán)力擴(kuò)張情況下的腐敗[5]，更有濫用職權(quán)的問題[6]，并從中得到有益的啟示[7]。（剩余13630字）